MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 

MATERIAL

Definition :- A material is that out of which anything is or may be made. A material relates itself to matter.
                   Materials comprise a wide range of metals and non-metals which must be operated upon to form the finished product.
 MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION:- 
 Most engineering materials may be classed into one of the following types
  (a) Metals:- (1) Ferrous (2) Non-ferrous
  (b) Ceramics
  (C) Organics
  (d) Composites
  (e) Semiconductors
(a) METALS:- Metals play a major role in the industrial and everyday life of human beings. We see hundreds of metal objects and parts which find engineering applications.
 - Metals are composed of elements which readily give up electrons to provide a metallic bond and electrical conductivity.
 - Metals generally possess the following characteristics :
(1) Lustre                           (2) Hardness
(3) Low specific heat       (4) Plastic deformability
(5) Good thermal and electrical conductivity      (6) Relatively high melting point (7) Strength     (8) Ductility                      (9) Malleability            (10) Opaquity                   (11) Stiffness                  (12) Rigidity                      (13) Formability           (14) Machinability         (15) Weldability                 (16) Castability               (17) Dimensional stability.       
- Examples of commonly employed metals are:-
(1) Iron                         (2) Alluminium
(3) Copp                        (4) Zinc
(5) Magnesium, etc.
सामग्री विज्ञान और इंजीनियरिंग का परिचय
 सामग्री
 परिभाषा: - एक सामग्री वह है जिसमें से कुछ भी है या बनाया जा सकता है। एक पदार्थ खुद को पदार्थ से संबंधित करता है।
                    सामग्री में धातुओं और गैर-धातुओं की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला शामिल होती है जिसे तैयार उत्पाद बनाने के लिए संचालित किया जाना चाहिए।
  सामग्री का वर्गीकरण: - अधिकांश इंजीनियरिंग सामग्रियों को निम्न प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है
   (a) धातुएं: - (1) फेरस (2) अलौह
   (b) मिट्टी के पात्र
   (सी) ऑर्गेनिक्स
   (d) कम्पोजिट्स
   (() अर्धचालक
 (ए) धातु: - धातुएं मनुष्य के औद्योगिक और रोजमर्रा के जीवन में एक प्रमुख भूमिका निभाती हैं। हम सैकड़ों धातु की वस्तुओं और भागों को देखते हैं जो इंजीनियरिंग अनुप्रयोगों को ढूंढते हैं।
  - धातु उन तत्वों से बना होता है जो धातु के बंधन और विद्युत चालकता प्रदान करने के लिए आसानी से इलेक्ट्रॉनों को छोड़ देते हैं।
  - धातु में आमतौर पर निम्नलिखित विशेषताएं होती हैं:
 (१) चमक                      (२) कठोरता
 (3) कम विशिष्ट गर्मी        (4) प्लास्टिक की विकृति
 (5) अच्छा थर्मल और विद्युत चालकता                                  (6) अपेक्षाकृत उच्च गलनांक  (7) शक्ति                                 (8) लचीलापन                    (९) विकृति                             (१०) अपारदर्शिता              (११) कठोरता                          (१२) कठोरता                    (१३) रूपता                              (१४) आचमन                    (१५) अभिलक्षणता                    (१६) कास्टेबिलिटी              (१7) आयाम स्थिरता। 
 - आमतौर पर नियोजित धातुओं के उदाहरण हैं: -
 (1) आयरन               (2) एलुमिनियम
 (३) कॉपर                 

(४) जिंक
 (५) मैग्नीशियम, आदि।

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